Mounties Lay Corruption Charges
The U.S. is not the only country with an anti-bribery law on its books.
In this guest post, Mark Morrison (here) and Michael Dixon (here) of Blake, Cassels & Graydon LLP discuss a recent enforcement action brought under Canada’s Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act.
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The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (“RCMP”) recently announced that they have laid charges under the Canadian equivalent of the FCPA, the Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act (“CFPOA”), against a former employee of an Ottawa based technology company in relation to alleged overseas bribery. Few details have been released at this time, but it appears that the charges relate to alleged bribes paid to a foreign government official in an effort to secure a multi-million dollar contract. At this point in time, no charges have been laid against the company or other individuals, but comments by the RCMP suggest that further charges may be pending.
This is the second charge laid to date under CFPOA. The first related to the conduct of a United States Immigration Officer who was hired as a consultant by a Canadian corporation. In 2005, that corporation pled guilty and was sentenced to a fine of $25,000. A number of other bribery cases in Canada have also dealt with the corruption of domestic officials, but these have proceeded under the provisions of the Canadian Criminal Code.
What is interesting about this case to those of us who practice in the area is that we have been expecting something of this nature for some time as Canada has been under significant pressure from the OECD to meet its international anti-corruption enforcement obligations. In response to this pressure, the RCMP has established a special unit solely dedicated to investigating international bribery. The unit, with divisions in Ottawa and Calgary, has been actively engaged in several investigations, however, this is the first charge they have laid. Further charges are anticipated as other investigations progress.
Another interesting point raised by this case is the extent to which the Canadian courts are willing to apply the CFPOA to the extraterritorial actions of Canadian citizens. While the Canadian government previously introduced a Bill to amend the CFPOA to clarify its application to Canadians acting outside Canada, this Bill was not passed into law. In the absence of this Bill, the Canadian test for jurisdiction, as determined by the case law, is different than that employed in the US. Historically, only cases with a “real and substantial” link to Canada will be considered as falling within the jurisdiction of the Canadian courts. Accordingly, the Canadian test requires that a portion of the illegal activity occur within Canada or a real connection to Canada. While we do not know to what extent the alleged corrupt activity occurred in Canada, this case appears to represent the first opportunity for the Canadian courts to clarify the reach of the CFPOA to Canadian citizens acting abroad.
A Canadian Corruption Scandal?
A coalition of NGOs recently requested that Blackfire Exploration, a privately owned Canadian exploration and mining company headquartered in Calgary (here), be investigated for potential violations of Canada’s Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act (CFPOA) based on alleged improper payments made to the Mayor of Chicomueselo in the State of Chiapas, Mexico.
For more on the NGOs claims, including its letter to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and documents the NGOs claim support its allegations, see here.
Among other things, the NGOs state in the letter that Blackfire “provided the mayor with […] benefits including airline tickets for himself, his family and his associates. These payments and other benefits were apparently made in response to the Mayor’s demands for ‘favours'”. According to this report in The Calgary Herald, Blackfire “decided to stop the ‘ridiculous propositions’ after the mayor asked for Blackfire to set up a sexual affair with a Playboy model.”
For more about the CFPOA, see here for a prior post.
North of the Border
We point the compass north in what has become “comparative law week” here at the blog and take a look at Canada’s “FCPA-like” domestic statute – the Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act (“CFPOA”).
Saddle up, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police “have established a special unit dedicated to investigating international bribery and enforcing the CFPOA” according to a Canadian law firm which recently released a bulletin titled “Canada’s Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act: What You Need to Know and Why” (see here).
The bulletin is an informative read and “provides an introduction to the CFPOA, contrasts it with the anti-bribery provisions of the FCPA, and provides a brief update on recent developments in Canada.”
According to the bulletin, an amendment to CFPOA was recently introduced to provide for extraterritorial jurisdiction much like 78dd-1(g) and 78dd-2(i) provide for U.S. issuers and domestic concerns.
The authors note that “[w]hile the CFPOA has been in force for a decade, it is only recently that it has been the subject of minimal enforcement efforts by Canadian authorities.” However, the authors predict, “this is likely to change in the future.”